GPT-Fabricated Scientific Papers Found on Google Scholar by Misinformation Researchers

Harvard's school of public policy is publishing a Misinformation Review for peer-reviewed, scholarly articles promising 'reliable, unbiased research on the prevalence, diffusion, and impact of misinformation worldwide.'

This week it reported that 'Academic journals, archives, and repositories are seeing an increasing number of questionable research papers clearly produced using generative AI.'

They are often created with widely available, general-purpose AI applications, most likely ChatGPT, and mimic scientific writing. Google Scholar easily locates and lists these questionable papers alongside reputable, quality-controlled research. Our analysis of a selection of questionable GPT-fabricated scientific papers found in Google Scholar shows that many are about applied, often controversial topics susceptible to disinformation: the environment, health, and computing.

The resulting enhanced potential for malicious manipulation of society's evidence base, particularly in politically divisive domains, is a growing concern... [T]he abundance of fabricated 'studies' seeping into all areas of the research infrastructure threatens to overwhelm the scholarly communication system and jeopardize the integrity of the scientific record. A second risk lies in the increased possibility that convincingly scientific-looking content was in fact deceitfully created with AI tools and is also optimized to be retrieved by publicly available academic search engines, particularly Google Scholar. However small, this possibility and awareness of it risks undermining the basis for trust in scientific knowledge and poses serious societal risks.


'Our analysis shows that questionable and potentially manipulative GPT-fabricated papers permeate the research infrastructure and are likely to become a widespread phenomenon...' the article points out.

'Google Scholar's central position in the publicly accessible scholarly communication infrastructure, as well as its lack of standards, transparency, and accountability in terms of inclusion criteria, has potentially serious implications for public trust in science. This is likely to exacerbate the already-known potential to exploit Google Scholar for evidence hacking...'

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